How to Prevent a Shark Attack

Instructions to Prevent a Shark Attack Despite the fact that youre bound to kick the bucket from a lightning strike, crocodile assault or on a bike than from a shark assault, sharks do here and there chomp people. In this article, you can find out about the genuine danger of a shark assault, and how to maintain a strategic distance from one.​ The International Shark Attack File The International Shark Attack File was created in the late 1950s to assemble data on shark assaults. Sharks assaults might be incited or ridiculous. As indicated by the International Shark Attack File, incited assaults are those that happen when an individual starts contact with a shark (e.g., chomps happening to an angler expelling a shark from a snare, a nibble to a jumper that has contacted a shark). Unjustifiable assaults are those that happen in the sharks common living space when a human has not started contact. A portion of these might be if the shark confuses a human with prey. Throughout the years, records of unmerited assaults have expanded - in 2015, there were 98 ridiculous shark assaults (6 lethal), which is the most noteworthy on record. This doesnt mean sharks are assaulting all the more regularly. Itâ is progressively a component of expanded human populace and movement in the water (visiting the sea shore, increment in interest in scuba, paddle boarding, riding exercises, and so on.), and the simplicity of announcing shark nibbles. Given the enormous increment in human populace and sea use throughout the years, the pace of shark assaults is diminishing. The main 3 assaulting shark species were the white, tiger and bull sharks. Where Do Shark Attacks Occur? Because youre swimming in the sea doesnt mean you might be assaulted by a shark. In numerous territories, enormous sharks dont approach shore. The locales with the most noteworthy level of shark assaults were Florida, Australia, South Africa, Brazil, Hawaii, and California. These are additionally districts where loads of individuals visit the sea shores and take part in water exercises. Agreeing to The Shark Handbook, most shark chomps happen to swimmers, trailed by surfers and jumpers, yet most of these nibbles are minor tissue wounds or scraped areas. Approaches to Prevent Shark Attacks There are numerous ways (the majority of them sound judgment) that you can keep away from a shark assault. The following is a rundown of what not to do if youll be swimming in waters where sharks may be available, and procedures for escaping alive if a shark assault truly occurs. Step by step instructions to Avoid a Shark Attack: Dont swim alone.Dont swim during dim or nightfall hours.Dont swim with gleaming jewelry.Dont swim in the event that you have an open wound.Dont swim excessively far offshore.Ladies: dont swim if youre menstruating.Dont sprinkle exorbitantly or make inconsistent movements.Keep pets out of the water.Dont swim in regions where there are sewage (for different clear reasons!) or pinnipeds that are pulled out. The two zones can pull in sharks.Dont swim in zones being utilized by anglers, as their lure could draw in sharks.Dont risk a lot - never pester a shark. Escape the water on the off chance that one is spotted and never endeavor to get or contact it. What to Do If Youre Attacked: Lets trust youve followed security guidance and effectively kept away from an assault. Yet, what do you do on the off chance that you presume a sharks in the region or you are being assaulted? In the event that you feel something brush against you, escape the water. As indicated by an article from National Geographic, many shark nibble casualties dont feel any agony. What's more, sharks may strike more than once.If you are assaulted, the main ruleâ is take the necessary steps to escape. Conceivable outcomes incorporate hollering submerged, blowing bubbles, and punching the sharks nose, eye or gills and afterward leaving the region before the shark strikes once more. Securing Sharks Despite the fact that shark assaults are a terrible point, truly, a lot more sharks are slaughtered by people every year. Solid shark populaces are pivotal to keeping up balance in the sea, and sharks need our security. References and Additional Information: Burgess, George H. 2011. ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark. (On the web). FL Museum of Natural History. Gotten to January 30, 2012.Burgess, George H. 2009. ISAF 2008 Worldwide Shark Attack Summary (Online). FL Museum of Natural History. Gotten to February 5, 2010.Burgess, George H. 1998. Only for Kids: How to Avoid a Shark Attack Reprinted with authorization from The Kids How to Do (Almost) Everything Guide, Monday Morning Books, Palo Alto, California. Gotten to February 5, 2010.ISAF. 2009. Universal Shark Attack File. (On the web). FL Museum of Natural History. Gotten to February 5, 2010.Skomal, G. 2008. The Shark Handbook. Juice Mill Press Book Publishers: Kennebunkport, ME. 278pp.

Analysis Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay

Investigation Of Sentence Structure In Childrens Literature English Language Essay The Oxford Dictionary offers us two meanings of a sentence. Initially it is characterized as a lot of words total in itself as the outflow of an idea, containing or suggesting a subject and predicate, and passing on an announcement, question, shout, or order also as a bit of composing or discourse between two full stops or equal delays regularly including a few linguistic sentences. (Represented Oxford Dictionary, 2003) As Duã… Â ¡kovã ¡ says, the meaning of a sentence can be made on the base of a few perspectives. We can be thinking about the substance, capacity, language structure or phonetics. Anyway a sentence appears when the relationship of its things is completely communicated and that falls into the syntactic perspective. (Duã… Â ¡kovã ¡, 1988, str. 309) The Simple sentence Kinds of sentences as indicated by their syntactic structure A basic sentence is a sentence which comprises of just a single free proviso. Peculiarity names seven sorts of basic sentence as indicated by the nearness of provision components. The most straightforward structure is a structure comprising of a subject (S) and an action word (V or P as predicator), for example The Sun is sparkling. Another sort is (S) subject + (V) action word + (O) object, for example That talk exhausted me. In the third kind of a straightforward sentence, the action word is trailed by subject supplement (SVCp), for example Your supper appears to be prepared. The fourth structure has its action word followed by a verb-modifying (SVA), for example My office is in the following structure. The accompanying structure comprises of subject, action word and two items from which one is immediate (Oi) and the second aberrant (Od), for example I (S) must send (V) my folks (Oi) a commemoration card (Od). In the 6th kind of structure the subject and the action word is trailed by an item and an article supplement (Co), for example Most understudies have discovered her sensibly valuable. The last sort of a basic sentence is where the subject and the actio n word are trailed by an article and a verb-modifying (SVOA), for example You can put the dish on the table. (Eccentricity, 1985, p. 204) Different varieties of condition designs Latent structures Latent structure, along with the dynamic structure, falls into the classification of voice. In detached sentences the structure of the statement is rearranged and the data center changes. The immediate item in dynamic structures can turn into the subject in latent structures, for example They viewed roots as laborer food.㠢†’ Roots were viewed as worker food. The subject of the first dynamic structure either vanishes of it changes into an extra in the aloof structure, utilizing by, for example Roots were viewed as laborer food by the court. We perceive two sorts of latent, short, which is progressively normal, and long. We talk about short passives when the specialist of the activity isn't given. At the point when the operator is communicated in the aloof structure, presented by, we manage the long detached. As referenced over, the data center in aloof structures is diverse contrasted with the dynamic structures. In inactive structures the specialist is no more in the focal point of consideration and the fundamental center is moved to the activity itself. At times, the aloof structure is an aftereffect of speakers direct aim to abstain from referencing the specialist. Existential conditions Existential condition is a sort of provision where the situation of the subject is taken by the expectant subject, alleged existential there. Existential proviso are structures containing action words that indicate presence, appearance or movement, particularly the action word to be. (Biber, 1999, str. 153) The capacity of existential conditions is basically to communicate presence of something. Action word Action word Classes There are three classes of action words: intransitive, transitive (further partitioned to monotransitive, ditransitive and complex-transitive) and copular action words. Each class happens in a specific sort of sentence structure. Intransitive action words There is no other component required with intransitive action words; these action words are a piece of the S+V structure, for example fly, flicker, sleep㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦. Transitive action words Transitive action words are on the whole action words that require an article. Monotransitive action words: one other component (O) is required (SVO structure), for example lose, break, find. Ditransitive action words: two additional components are required (SVOiOd structure), for example give, hand, offer. Complex-transitive action words: an item supplement or a subordinate is essential in the SVO structure, for example keep-They keep the house safeguarded., call-She called her little cat Smudgie., select They designated him President. Copular action words Need a subject supplement (SVCs) or an assistant (SVA), for example be, feel, smell. Condition Elements Subject The nearness of a subject is fundamental in every limited proviso except for the basic conditions. In spite of the fact that not present, the subject is inferred in the basic provisos. There is one more situation when the subject isn't expressed in the statement and it is the situation when the ellipsis is utilized. Ellipsis, one of the metaphors, is an exclusion of a word, a subject for our situation, in light of the fact that the speaker anticipates that the audience should have the option to derive the missing word from the setting of from the past information, for example Much obliged to you.. The most successive acknowledgment of the subject is by things or pronouns, yet the subject can be additionally acknowledged by other word classes and afterward we are discussing syntactic things, for example The frail (Adj) must be made a difference.. The subject decides the number and the individual of the action word for example John communicates in Russian well indeed., the number, individual and sexual orientation of the reflexive pronouns, for example She was unable to perceive herself in the mirror. The connection between the subject and the action word is a relationship of shared impact. In uninvolved provisions the subject turns into the subject supplement utilizing by, for example John (S) drove us. also, We were driven by John (Cs)., or the specialist is precluded. In label questions, the subject is rehashed by a pronoun of the equivalent, individual, number and sex, for example John is a decent instructor, isnt he?. Predicator Predicator is a provision component acknowledged exclusively by action word. A few sentence structures don't utilize the term predicator and call this provision component basically an action word. Predicator may comprise of a full action word alone or a full action word joined by at least one assistant action words, for example Sovereign Brat realized that he didn't have anything to fear. He had never been punished in his life. Predicator is a focal component of a proviso as it signifies the activity do or the state be. Items There are two sorts of item, backhanded and direct. An article is a sentence component that might be either compulsory or facultative as per the action word. Direct Object Like the circuitous article, the immediate item is typically an ostensible gathering. When there is no roundabout item in the statement, the immediate article follows the transitive action word, for example He kicked the ball. In complex structures, there might be the expectant it in the situation of the immediate item while the immediate article is acknowledged by an infinitive or a subordinate provision, for example He thought that it was hard to come clean. He thought that it was pitiful that she didnt trust him. Circuitous Object Is commonly acknowledged by an ostensible gathering, for example Charles gave Alice a glass of champagne. or on the other hand by a pronoun. Despite the fact that uncommon, circuitous item might be likewise acknowledged by wh-statement, for example Give whoever comes a glass of champagne. It follows just ditransitive action words. (Biber) Supplements A supplements is a clausal component that is in connection with either (subject supplement) or item (object supplement). Interestingly with the article, the supplement can't be changed over into an aloof structure. Both, subject and article supplements are most ordinarily acknowledged by a descriptive gathering, or by an ostensible gathering. Subject Complement In certain syntaxes (Biber, 1999, str. 126), we can locate the subject supplement (Cs) under the term subject predicative. The subject supplement can be found in SVCs structures, following copular action words, for example This spot is excellent. Item Complement Additionally called an article predicative (Po) (Biber, 1999, str. 130), the article supplement (Co) is a statement component that we can discover in structures containing complex transitive action words (SVOCo). I discover this spot reasonable. As should be obvious in the model, the item supplement identifies with the immediate article and furthermore ordinarily follows the immediate article. (Biber, 1999, str. 130) Adverbials Adverbials are differing condition components. They might be added to any structure and can be found in different situations inside the sentence. Adverbials have numerous semantic jobs and might be either discretionary or required. There are three classes of adverbials named in the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English: situation, position and connecting adverbials (Biber, 1999, str. 131), these three classes compare to Quirks subordinate, disjunct and conjunct. (Characteristic, 1985) The most widely recognized acknowledge of adverbials are word intensifying gatherings and prepositional expressions. Assistant We can say that assistants add some condition data to the structure. They might be inspired by addressing Where, When, How or Why. Most action words, even the intransitive ones, are frequently enhanced by an extra, giving the situation data, for example He passed on of eating some harmful mushrooms. On the off chance that there is no aide in a structure with an intransitive action word, the understandability of the articulation is reliant on the specific situation (Quirk, 1985, p. 506), for example He ate some noxious mushrooms and he passed on. Disjunct Disjuncts are not a genuine piece of the structure. As Quirk says, disjuncts have a predominant job in the sentence. (Eccentricity, 1985, p. 613) Most articulations we produce are not objective, they generally express our mentality or assessment about the substance of the expression. A disjunct is the speakers remark on the substance of the articulation, for example Honestly, it didnt satisfy my hopes. Conjunct Just as disjuncts, conjuncts have generally superordinate situation in the sentence. (Characteristic, 1985, p. 631) The capacity of conjunct is to jo

The effect of occupational fraud and abuse on the company

Word related misrepresentation and misuse is characterized as â€Å"The utilization of one’s occupation for individual enhancement through the purposeful abuse or misapplication of the utilizing organization’s assets or assets† (2012 Report To Nations On Occupation Fraud And Abuse, 2012). Word related extortion involves misleading utilizing association to get assets or resources for individual increase and misuse includes misapplication of the assets gave by the business. Word related extortion is commonly for three types:1. Debasement 2. Resource Misappropriation 3. Deceitful Statement.Amount these three classifications, resource misappropriation, and debasement are the most widely recognized sorts of misrepresentation and misuse. In 2012 all out number of middle loss of word related misrepresentation and maltreatment of all the revealed cases was $140,000, and one-fifth of the cases included misfortunes of least $1 million (2012 Report To Nations On Occupation Fraud And Abuse, 2012).On a normal United States associations acquired 6% of income misfortune consistently because of word related extortion and misuse (Scott, A, 2002). Casualty associations bear the income misfortune as well as these sorts of cheats can likewise harm its altruism in the network also. Huge associations with multimillion turnovers can hold up under these misfortunes yet can devastatingly affect little associations. U.S. administrative oversight of bookkeeping misrepresentation and misuse and its impact on the organization In the past numerous organizations utilized the deftly in bookkeeping system to adjust its budget summaries to introduce the ideal picture to the investors.Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) at last than presented some nitty gritty changes in the bookkeeping structure. What's more, it acquainted procedures with upgrade outside examining, made suggestion to reinforce the review board, and supported social change. SEC’s Division of Corpor ate Finance is mindful to survey basically the budget reports of the focused on organizations to guarantee that it is new and existing bookkeeping rules are being followed and to limit misrepresentation and misuse utilizing false proclamations. Furthermore, SEC’s Division of Enforcement is capable to bring civilâ cases and punishments against the organizations that endeavors to direct misrepresentation or violets the security demonstrations. In light of this oversight by SEC and government, organizations are giving point of interest exposures, progressively straightforward budget summaries to the speculators and clients of monetary statements.Potential defilement plans to know about in the companyCorruption implies abusing the endowed force or authority against the official obligation to acquire benefits. Debasement plans can be separated into four classifications: 1. Pay off This involves offering, giving, and accepting anything of significant worth to impact the choice. Of ficial pay off includes giving or offering anything of significant worth to impact the choice of government specialist or representative. Business pay off arrangements with giving something of significant worth to impact a business choice as opposed to choice of government worker or operator. By and large, there are two kinds of plans include in pay off: †¢Kickback Schemes: These plans are conceivable due to plot between worker of the casualty organization and outside gathering, normally merchants. In this, merchant submits either swelling or fake solicitations to the casualty organization, and the worker in the casualty organization ensures that the installment is made on those invoices.After the installment, representative gets a lot of installment that is known as payoff. At times, representative gets installment just by occupying exorbitant business to seller. 2. Unlawful Gratuities-In this debasement conspire, something of significant worth is given to the worker to remune rate the choice. This is unique in relation to payoff plans since benefits are given as a compensation to the choice settled on not to impact the choice. 3. Financial Extortion-This plan is not the same as pay off and unlawful tips, as for this situation worker of the casualty organization requests something of significant worth from outside gathering, and refusal to pay by outside gathering may causes loss of business.4. Irreconcilable situations †This happens when representative has an undisclosed financial or individual enthusiasm for an exchange that makes the worker not to think to the greatest advantage of the casualty organization that at last unfavorably influences the organization. Suggestion of sorts of bookkeeping proof and strategies for social occasion such proof to help the money related status audit It is critical that each misrepresentation analyst or criminological bookkeeper to have great information on the principles of the court, legalâ system, and proof fo r fruitful rivalry of the examination. So as to be acknowledged as proof, it must be pertinent, material, and skillful. â€Å"Relevant proof methods proof tending to make the presence of any reality that is significant to the assurance of the activity more likely or less plausible than it would be without the evidence† (â€Å"Rule 401: Relevant Evidence-TN Court†, 2013).Materiality necessitates that proof must demonstrate a point and competency involves that proof must be adequate, solid, and applicable to the case (WELLS, 2011). There are two kinds of proof can be utilized to help the monetary status survey: 1. Essential proof: This kind of proof is viewed as the best proof as a result of its legitimacy, believability, and presence to demonstrate a point and can an incentive to a case. Also, it gives direct proof on the theme under audit. These incorporate unique reports, bookkeeping records, account explanations, interviews, manually written articulations, and so for th 2. Optional proof: This sort of proof is normally utilized and worthy when the essential proof isn't accessible or destroyed.Every exertion ought to be made to present and utilize essential proof for better and solid portrayal of realities. These can incorporate copies of the first archives, declaration of witness, and so on. While doing full monetary status survey we can acquire data utilizing different sources, for example, messages, working frameworks, database, bookkeeping records, interviews with various faculty, bank proclamations, and so forth. We can likewise convey review strategies, for example, testing controls, systematic methodology, utilizing meaningful methodology, PC helped review procedures to acquire adequate and solid proof to help monetary audit.

Joining a Sorority

Joining a Sorority Pros of Sororities There are several benefits that result from becoming part of a sorority. Related Articles Top Ways to Get Involved on Your Campus Top Ways to Get Involved on Your Campus Zeta Phi Beta Chants Zeta Phi Beta Chants Tips for Living in a Sorority House Tips for Living in a Sorority House Sisterhood The bonds that develop between sorority sisters typically last well beyond college. You'll become part of a sisterhood and cultivate relationships that could last a lifetime, especially if you decide to stay in a sorority house. Tons of Free Entertainment You can also expect to be entertained several times throughout the month. Rarely will you find a sorority that doesn't like to celebrate. If you're all for parties and other sources of entertainment, chances are, you'll enjoy sorority life. Philanthropy Most sororities are heavy on community service, so if you happen to join, you'll be expected to do your part in giving back. This could be anything from trash pickups to feeding the homeless. Networking Opportunities As you progress in your career, it helps to have contacts who can connect you with the right people. There are no guarantees when joining a sorority, but you never know who your sister may be able to refer you to in the future. Her network could end up including the hiring manager for the job of your dreams. Cons of Sorority Life Unfortunately, there are also drawbacks you should keep in mind when considering Greek life. Time Consuming If you've selected an extremely difficult major, you're going to have to figure out how to balance your commitment to the sorority with your studies. Reputation As the saying goes, "Birds of a feather flock together." Sometimes a sorority can get a reputation that you might want to avoid. Even if you're nothing like your sorority sisters who've managed to get a bad reputation, good luck convincing others in the student body of your innocence. Hazing Hazing is strictly prohibited on college campuses across the nation, yet it still happens. "Over the last 38 years, there has been at least one death per year as a result of hazing in the US," says The Best Schools.

A Brief Note On Cigarette Smoking And Public - 1252 Words

Kalpana Sapkota Mrs. K. Brooke Ciolino English 1213 September 14, 2015 Cigarette Smoking and Public Cigarette smoking is one of the largest preventable risk factors for morbidity and mortality in developed countries. It is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis is burned and the smoke is inhaled. Nowadays many people smoke everywhere at any time, thus they obtain many negative effects on their health. Although, many smokers know the health risks related to smoking but they cannot stop inhaling it. Many people do not have any idea about the effects of second hand smoking, which is a major problem. Smoking not only affects our health, but also it is a waste of money. Many researches by Schuetze Pamela and Smith PH present the information about the negative effect of cigarette smoking in everyone’s lives. Smoking negatively affects the environment- businesses and causes different types of health problems like asthma, coronary obstructive pulmonary diseases, heart diseases, skin disorders, so smoking should be banned from the government level. Wherever we go, we can see people smoking. It has become a daily necessity for smokers and is difficult to control. People who are smoking are at a higher risk to develop respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and diseases related to mental condition. It is true that people become relaxed after smoking, but it has long lasting major health problems and leads toShow MoreRelatedType1069 Words   |  5 PagesStrengths * One of largest tobacco companies worldwide * Key note product/brand * Substantial cash growth * Phillip Morris SWOT Analysis Phillip Morris SWOT Analysis Revenue Distributed in Important Areas * Excellent employee morale | Weaknesses * Key note product/brand unhealthy * Substantial cash growth obtained at the risk of human health * Social perception of product has negative effect on company image * Taxation amp; Regulation | Opportunities * Smokeless tobacco Read More Tobacco Advertisements1733 Words   |  7 Pagesextremely toxic and can do major bodily harm. My grandfather was a chain smoker for over twenty years. He started smoking in his late teens and he died from lung problems that were caused by his addiction to cigarette smoking. My father is also a chain smoker and he started smoking when he was sixteen. He is starting to experience the same problems that my grandfather had due to his chain smoking. This history of smokers in my family has struck a cord in me. It has caused me to look further at the historyRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes : Tobacco Harm Reduction2146 Words   |  9 PagesElectronic cigarettes have been marketed in recent years as alternatives to smoking. They are electrically-driven devices, used to vaporise a liquid that may or may not contain nicotine. They consist of a battery part-usually lithium battery, and an atomizer where liquid is stored and is aerosolized by h eating a resistance encircling a wick. The main ingredients of liquids are propylene glycol, glycerol and a variety of flavourings. A huge variety of devices and different liquids are available, withRead MoreElectronic Cigarettes And Its Effects2116 Words   |  9 PagesElectronic cigarettes (ECs) have been marketed in recent years as alternatives to smoking. They are electrically-driven devices, used to vaporise a liquid that may or may not contain nicotine. They consist of a battery part-usually lithium battery, and an atomizer where liquid is stored and is aerosolized by heating a resistance encircling a wick. The main ingredients of liquids are propylene glycol, glycerol and a variety of flavourings. A huge variety of devices and different liquids are availableRead MoreI Was A Bad Kid959 Words   |  4 Pagesrepressed being surfaced regarding my childhood when something bad happened to me for over a year in Kenya, Africa where I grew up. It was not by a family member so I rea lly could not blame anyone. I would like to clarify my â€Å"rebel† age consisted of smoking weed daily, excessively cutting class, and failing classes to the point where I barely graduated high school in 2012 at the bottom 10%. It was also around the time where I told my parents and for a moment they did not believe me and were naturallyRead MoreSmoking Cessation Of Pregnancy : Review Of Current Strategies9414 Words   |  38 Pages SMOKING CESSATION IN PREGNANCY: REVIEW OF CURRENT STRATEGIES Boitumelo A Nkoane-Kelaeng1, Claire M Lawley1,2, Gemma A Figtree1 Cardiovascular Research, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia Clinical Population Perinatal Health Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Corresponding Author: Professor Gemma A Figtree MBBS DPhil (Oxon) FRACP FAHA North Shore Heart Research Group Kolling Institute of Medical Research Royal NorthRead MoreTobacco Advertising Is Illegal but Alcohol Is Not. Is This Hypocritical?3161 Words   |  13 Pagesthe viewers and listeners of the advertisements, specifically the youth audience. The principles involved with alcohol promotion are examined with a lens that incorporates the views of Horkheimer and Adorno’s perspective on advertising. Along with a brief history of tobacco advertising regulations, this paper will discuss the ethical issues involved in alcohol advertising, and evidence to support that alcoholic products are no less of a danger than tobacco, and should have the same advertising restrictionsRead MoreEssay about Liberty, Value, and the Liberal Perspective5916 Words   |  24 Pagesof smoking, is obviously finite. As to a very important freedom, say the freedom of expression of thought, I show that there are various ways of expressing various kinds of thought, which are different in nature, in content, in d egree of truth, in attitude, in effect on society and nation, and, therefore, have different weights, importance, or magnitudes of value. Because of this comparability, the value of freedom of anything is always finite, not infinite. In Section 7, I give some brief conclusionsRead MoreEssay on Medical Marijuana Should Be Legal2958 Words   |  12 PagesNational Drug Control Policy, and the state governments of California and Arizona met on Nov. 14, 1996, with anti-drug interest groups, including the Partnership for a Drug-Free America and Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America. According to official notes from that session, the foes of medical marijuana lamented that they had been blindsided by stealth legislation, and they characterized the organizers of the initiatives as using the terminally ill as props’† (Frater). Contrary to the belief of medicinalRead MoreBrand Strategy and Imc11643 Words   |  47 PagesBrand strategy and integrated marketing communication (IMC): a case study of player s cigarette... Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is defined as a cross-functional process for creating and nourishing profitable relationships with customers and other stakeholders by strategically controlling or influencing all messages sent to these groups and encouraging data-driven, purposeful dialogue with them (Duncan 2002, p. 8). To better understand the real-world application of IMC, a call has

Residential Schools - 898 Words

Case Study: Residential Schools Examining the residential school system in Canada between the 1870s and 1996 exposes numerous human rights and civil liberties violations of individuals by the government. This case study involves both de jure discrimination and de facto discrimination experienced by Aboriginals based on their culture. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms specifically protects Aboriginal rights under section 25 and section 15 declares that, â€Å"Every individual is equal before and under the law† (Sharpe Roach, 2009, p. 307). Human rights and civil liberties of Aboriginal children and parents were ignored and violated by residential schools which were fuelled by government policy, agendas of church organizations, and a†¦show more content†¦257). The programs were put in place as a method of imposing norms on a younger generation that had been deemed fit for transformation (Ibid). This policy resulted in a vulnerable group being removed from their homes and placed into an env ironment plagued with physical, sexual, emotional, and spiritual abuse. Isolation from all aspects of one’s culture was degrading, isolating, and discouraging. The implementation of residential schools can be considered an action taken with societies best interests in mind. The policy initially appeared to be free from de jure discrimination since the purpose was to empower the aboriginal population and give them the tools they needed to succeed in a modern society. The abuse suffered by the students did not appear to be an intentional result of the assimilation policy adopted by the government. Policy makers had a desire to create a generation of aboriginals accustomed to the ways of civilized life (Llewellyn, 2002, p. 257). Unfortunately the policy had flaws and experiences in residential schools have resulted in numerous accounts of injuries sustained and psychological damage (Akhtar, 2010, p. 263). The fact that discrimination actively occurred to this group of people is an example of de facto discrimination. Church Organizations The Catholic Church and United Church of Canada are responsible for discriminating aboriginal peoplesShow MoreRelatedThe School Of Residential Schools1262 Words   |  6 Pagesthroughout the stories and testimonies of the students of residential schools. First off, this text does have components that relate to me personally in regards to the ideals put forth by the staff at residential schools and attempt to convert the students to Christianity. I have been raised in a Christian home and brought up under Christian ways of acting and thinking in my everyday life. The attempt that the White people in the residential schools took to convert the Native children does not relateRead MoreResidential Schools2505 Words   |  11 Pagesdone in order to fit them into their ideal perception of what it was to be Canadian. With the help of the church the Canadian government implemented the residential school system, which was devoted to providing a disciplined based idea l that promoted rejection of the aboriginal culture in favor of the dominant white population. The residential system would eventually become an official Canadian policy for the education of Indian. Even though there are those that state that the government was justRead MoreReflecting On The Residential School System1509 Words   |  7 PagesRESIDENTIAL SCHOOL SYSTEM 3. In reflecting on the Residential School System in Canada, discuss why Elders teachings and courses in Indigenous studies are important today. Between 1875 and 1996, First Nations children were forced to attended residential schools to be systematically assimilated into an English-Christian society through abuse, segregation, and racism. Residential schools were created by the Canadian government to transition First Nations children into a newly colonized Canada, butRead MoreIntergenerational effects of Residential schools1559 Words   |  7 PagesIntergenerational Effects of Residential Schools Who are the people that went to residential schools, where are they, and their families today? Have you ever heard someone talk about residential schools like it was an everyday conversation? Residential schools have become so camouflaged into the back of people’s minds. People tend to forget that these schools took place and that they are real life events that can have an effect on everyone around them. These schools have left such an imprint onRead MoreDevelopment Of The Residential School System1740 Words   |  7 Pages: A quote from Aggie George recalling of her experience in the Lejac Indian Residential School (Legacy of Hope Foundation, 2001). In the 1880s all the way to the 1990’s roughly 150,000 aboriginal children where removed from their communities and homes to attend the residential school system set up by the government and operated by the Christian churches (Government of Canada, 2015). The purpose of these residential schools was to isolate Aboriginal children from their families and assimilate themRead MoreThe Indian Act and residential school1974 Words   |  8 Pagesits amending statutes contained sections that were discriminatory towards Canadian Native Indians, and that legalized suppression of Indian customs and traditions. In this paper, I will examine how one section of the Act, the one relating to residential schools, contributed to the genocide of Indian culture. Ever since the first Europeans set foot on Canadian soil in the 15th century, they have thought their culture and way of life was superior to that of the Native North Americans. Initially theRead MoreResidential Schools in Canada Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesSociology Dr.C.Barry McClinchey Residential Schools in Canada Before the nineteenth century, the Aboriginal people had their own way of teaching the children in their community, through organic education. In addition to providing knowledge and skills, organic education kept their culture alive (Ravelli amp; Webber, 2013: pg. 237). This is because the Aboriginal children would also be taught about their culture and its customs. But the Europeans thought, â€Å"Canada’s First Nation peoples were inRead MoreResidential Schools Were Government Endorsed Schools For Aboriginal Children1749 Words   |  7 PagesResidential schools were government endorsed schools for Aboriginal children. When children were sent to the residential schools, they were taken away from their parents and placed into a strange, unsupportive environment where the standing parental figures were often abusive towards them. The Legacy of Hope Foundation (2015) says â€Å"First Nations, Inuit, and Mà ©tis children were often away from their parents for long periods o f time and this prevented the discovering and learning of valuable parentingRead MoreResidential Schools Vs. Public Schools1253 Words   |  6 PagesResidential School’s were introduced back in the 1870’s, they were made to change the way native children spoke their languages and how they viewed their cultures. The residential school system in Canada was operated by the government, where the native children were aggressively forced away from their loved ones to participate in these schools (1000 Conversations). The government had a concept, where they can modernize the native children, aged of three to eighteen and extinguish the aboriginal cultureRead More The Examination of the Residential School System in Canada Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesmissionaries established a form of formal education for Aboriginal children, which was to be governed at residential schools. However, this tradition did not last long due to rising conflicts. European missionaries believed Aboriginal children were in need of assistance to become more civilized, and wanted them to be integrated into their European culture (Ravelli Webber, 2010). Once sent to residential schools, the children were prevented from seeing and speaking to their families, aside from very short

Disater Management free essay sample

Disaster Resistant Construction Practices Introduction Disaster Resistant construction practices are as important as disaster resistant structrual designs. Infact the methodology for construction also should be designed for disaster resistance. We should have proper implemenation of the structural details so as to let the structure behave as envisiged. The quality and methodology of construction is equally important. For example we use cover blocks. If the cover blocks are not cast properly in good quality concrete then they facilitate concrete deterioration. Ultimately this affects durability and serviceablity of the structure. The Durability and serviceablity are the key elements of any structure. Ensuring Quality in construction will enable achieving durability and serviceablity as a desired end result. Openings too close to corners Too high and long walls Use of Cut Lintels Usually a building comprises of: 1. Walls 2. Openings 3. Foundation 4. Plinth 5. Beams/Columns 6. Roof / Slabs Deficient Bond at corners Parts of a Building Differential settlement due to soft soil. We will write a custom essay sample on Disater Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

Romeo and Juliet For a different audience Essay Example

Romeo and Juliet For a different audience Paper William Shakespeares story of doomed lovers, Romeo and Juliet is a story for all generations. The presentation of the story depends on how the audience will react to it. For instance, the audience from Shakespeares time ranged from rich snobs to drunken groundlings. In my comic book version of his story, I used more modern words to help my audience; the people of today understand the story better. I adapted Shakespeares original to fit todays audience by modernizing the vocabulary, taking out a few of the less exciting elements and by showing the emotions of the characters through illustrations. The original version of Romeo and Juliet is only different from my own version in one aspect; the presentation. In William Shakespeares time, society was a lot different from the society we know today. The audience Shakespeare had to write for was very demanding. The audience consisted of two major groups; the upper class and the lower class. The upper class was a group of civilized people who were entertained so long as the story of the play was intriguing. The lower class was harder to deal with though. These citizens were most often arrogant drunks who would yell and throw things on stage if they were not pleased by the play. We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet For a different audience specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet For a different audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Romeo and Juliet For a different audience specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These groundlings surrounded the stage on three sides in section where there were no seats, which made them less comfortable and more threatening to the play. To control these audience members, Shakespeare had to please them. He did this by adding fight scenes and a bit of crude humor. As long as the groundlings were entertained, Shakespeare could run his play without interruption. William Shakespeare wrote his play, Romeo and Juliet masterfully to entertain both upper and lower class citizens. In my version of Romeo and Juliet, a comic book version, I exaggerated the action scenes and diminished the less exciting scenes of poetry. I did this because comic book readers do not read comics to enjoy poetry. Instead they are entertained by good illustrations of action as well as good dialogue to accompany them. For this reason, instead of using elaborate wording like Shakespeare had done to express emotion in each characters dialogue, I showed theyre facial expressions in well drawn illustrations. I also used illustrations to show the setting of the play clearly, instead of using long descriptions of each setting like in Shakespeares version. I could portray these important elements through detailed artwork, without words. The illustrations are a very important element in determining the quality of a comic book. Therefore, it was important that I told the story through pictures as well as dialogue, and not just through literature. In my version of Romeo and Juliet, I showed the power of not only words, but art as well. To adapt Shakespeares original masterpiece Romeo and Juliet to better suit my audience, I converted many ideas from the story into artwork. The artwork of a comic is what determines the quality of the book. I believe that in comic books, the wording used in the dialogue is not nearly as important as the artwork it goes along with. I used artwork to portray deeper or more extreme emotions rather than using quite elaborate words as Shakespeare had done in his version. By showing emotions along with scenery through illustrations, I can be sure that readers have an image of the story in their minds. Another adaptation I used to better suit the targeted audience was the changing of Old English words into more understandable Modern English words. Some passages in Romeo and Juliet are hard to understand by the young readers of today. Therefore, I modernized the wording and emphasized every scene through illustration, rather than confusing literature. I believe I have adapted the story of Romeo and Juliet effectively to suit my audience very well. My version of Romeo and Juliet follows the original version written by William Shakespeare despite the many differences in language and style of presentation. I altered the presentation of Romeo and Juliet to more effectively tell the story to readers of todays generations. Although the story is 400 years old, it is not and never will be an outdated story. As long as love exists, the story of Romeo and Juliet will be a story for all generations to enjoy.

ENL 1103 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH Essays - Nonverbal Communication

ENL 1103 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH Essays - Nonverbal Communication ENL 1103 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGLISH Name: ID: Course: Title: GROUP PRESENTATION RUBRIC Exemplary (4)Good (3)Satisfactory (2)Need Improvement (1) Content / KnowledgePresenters possess excellent understanding on the topic.Presenters possess adequate understanding on the topic.Presenters possess general understanding on the topic.Presenters do not understand the topic at all. Non verbal elements (Intonations, eye contact, gestures, etc.) Facial expressions and body language generate a strong interest on the topic presented. Demonstrate a good effort in attracting audience.Facial expressions and body language generate some interest on the topic presented. Demonstrate an acceptable effort in attracting audienceFacial expressions and body language are rarely presented. Demonstrate a fair effort in attracting audienceFacial expressions and body language were not used. Do not demonstrate any effort in attracting audience. Language Excellent command in language used. No grammar error produced.Good command in language used. Minor grammar error produced. Fair command in language used. Poor command in language used. Too many grammar error produced. Voice Projection Volume is loud enough to be heard by all audience members throughout the presentation. Volume is loud enough to be heard by all audience members at least 90% of the time. Volume is loud enough to be heard by all audience members at least 80% of the time. Volume often too soft to be heard by all audience members. Audio Visual Aids (AVA) Use good AVA. The AVA used helps in presentation.Use acceptable AVA. The AVA used helps in some parts of presentation Use AVA. The AVA used does not really help the presentation. No audio visual aids used. TOTAL MARKS: Comments: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Name: 1)3)5) 2)4)6)

Poverty in the USA Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poverty in the USA - Article Example So there are statistical and social definitions of poverty, as well as a mixture of both methods. Social definition includes the concept of empowerment and human development (Think Quest, 2006). In other words, â€Å"...objective measures of poverty present numerous problems in terms of identifying the poor, but succeed in providing the aggregate statistics policy makers desire† (Maxwell, 1999, p. 3). Most of the time emphasis is made on defining and measuring poverty thresholds and poverty lines, but some researchers argue that policy makers should define and measure poverty in terms of â€Å"self-sufficiency† (Mutari, 2001) or the level of income that a person or a family really needs to live a life free of worries about economical and human development issues. In the United States poverty began to be measured in the 1950s based on a survey that showed that families spent about one-third of their incomes on food. Mollie Orshansky, an economist from the Social Security Administration, set the poverty threshold at three times the cost of an economy food plan defined by the Department of Agriculture (University of Michigan, 2001). The thresholds are updated yearly and vary according to the size and age composition of a family (US Census Bureau, 2009). Frank states that â€Å"using these income levels, the Census Bureau reported that 12.7% percent of U.S. residents and 17.8% of U.S. children lived in poverty in 2004. Black Americans experience poverty at nearly double these rates: 24.9% of all Blacks and 33.3% of Black children live in households with incomes below the poverty line† (Frank, 2006). Most of the researchers and experts agree that the poverty line is â€Å"far too low for a household to survive on in most parts of the United States† (Frank, 2006). Researchers Pearce and Brooks found that â€Å"a single parent living in the Bronx with two children, one in school and one in daycare, would need a gross income of $3,684 per month

Special Topics in International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Special Topics in International Relations - Essay Example the purpose of development would cause an increase in the planet’s temperature, increases in sea level, changes in precipitation patterns, depletion of ozone layer, loss of natural habitat of millions of species of plants and animals, loss of water resources, loss of bio diversity, increase in incidents of extreme weather such as heat waves, soil erosion and increased pollution (Watson et al, 2003). The development is changing the earth’s environment at all levels. At the local level the environment is at risk due to air, soil and water pollution. At regional level there is a threat of acid rain and land degradation. Finally at global level there is a massive climate change and a loss of biodiversity. All these changes have been attributed at a large level to the various development projects that are meant to provide better life and alleviate poverty. Unfortunately these projects are having a negative effect on the ecosystem, water resources, human health, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. It is estimated that the development projects will have further negative consequences in the future (Watson et al., 2003). Environmental issues are very important for the third world countries. A clean and healthy environment reflects a clean and healthy nation. Natural environment is a source of natural income for the people of the poor countries. Many people are dependent on natural resources for their income. If these resources are taken away it will definitely be a big blow for the poor people. At the same time environment protection is very important for economic growth of any country. If people continue to use and pollute natural resources the country would suffer economically and will move away from development. Therefore it becomes very important to protect the environment (The World Bank Report, n.d.). Here it would be pertinent to discuss the case of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a poor country and a large section of its population is dependent on fisheries for

Should America Legalize Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Should America Legalize Marijuana Essay I. Introduction A. Attention Getter B. Specific Purpose Statement C. Credibility Statement D. Preview of Main Points (Transition) II. Body (sentences in body should be complete sentences) A. Pro/For 1 1. Supporting Material The United States is currently has over 17 trillion dollars in debt( statistic) 2. Supporting Material According to congress budget office The United States is currently has over 17 trillion dollars in debt. A country accumulates most of their debt in time of war one of the biggest and most expensive war going on right now is the war on drugs the DEA spends x dollars trying to keep marijuana of the streets just think how many more other more serious crimes can be solved if that money was spent elsewhere in the criminal justice department. Another pro of legalizing marijuana is the tax dollars we as a country can get from selling marijuana. Colorado and Washington recently legalized marijuana this year and since January through august just think how many tax dollars we can raise if marijuana was legal throughout the entire United States and that is on top of the money we are saving on from the DEA by not chasing down these pot heads. (Transition) Money and debt is not the only upside to legalizing marijuana there are countless health benefits from the intake of marijuana B. Pro/For 2 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material There is a documentary called weed by Dr. Sanjay Gupta it’s about a 5 year old girl with epilepsy that has over a 100 seizures a week a team of scientist a strain of marijuana that was low in THC(the chemical that gives you that high felling when smoking weed) and high in CBD(a chemical that has numerous health benefits) but instead of letting this 5 year old girl roll up a joint and smoke in they extract the juice from the plant and let her consume it. Almost instantaneously after this treatment this girl went from having over a hundred seizures a week to having 3 or less some weeks she wouldn’t even have any after a year they saw major improvement in the child’s mood and in the child learning ability. (Transition) is there any down sides to this drug you call marijuana? Of course there is there in facts are a lot of reasons why we shouldn’t legalize the drug. We talk about how marijuana has health benefits now let’s talk about the negative side effects. D. Con/Against 1 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material The most common side effect of marijuana is short term memory lose this is a bad thing in many ways especially if you in an unsafe environment like a car. Marijuana also affects brain development, and when it is used heavily by young people. Marijuana smoke is an irritant to the lungs, and frequent marijuana smokers can have many of the same respiratory problems experienced by tobacco smokers, such as daily cough. Marijuana is also been know to lead to depression and suicide in frequent users. (Transition) as now you know marijuana has a few negative health effects of marijuana but they is one more thing you need to conceder one more thing the Gateway theory. E. Con/Against 2 1. Supporting Material 2. Supporting Material Gateway theory states that â€Å"use of certain drugs may lead to an increased risk in the use of other drugs and involvement in criminal behavior.† Smoking a joint might not seem that bad after looking at the positive and negative health effects but before you light up look up the health effects of all the hard drugs out there because no one wakes up and says I’m going to shoot up with 10 mailgrams of heroin today all drug addicts start somewhere and more times than not it starts with tobacco, alcohol and marijuana (Transition) In conclusion. III. Conclusion A. Summary of Main Points B. Restate Purpose C. Reference to Attention-Getter

Tiger Woods Essay -- Golf Biographies Papers

Tiger Woods â€Å"Given the year we just experienced in golf, it would be phenomenal if we see anything in 2001 that will even remotely compare. We witnessed an incredible season by the game’s most dominant player-in this era or any other. We saw how fans and players alike could respect the game in an international competition. And, we have seen the game’s visibility skyrocket† (Strange 20). â€Å"Are you ready for me† (Kindred 232)? -Tiger Woods arriving on the tour with this famous television commercial that presented him not only as a talented golfer but also as an in your face crusader against racial discrimination. These quotes make it clear of Tiger Woods’ impact on the game of golf and the entertainment world in general. But how did he get that way? Under Gardener’s Model, Woods fits in the bodily kinesthetic intelligence, but all professional athletes possess this trait. To be the greatest in the sport of golf, a player must possess multiple intelligences. Tiger Woods is great because he blends that with great intrapersonal, and interpersonal skills, and his minor intelligences of verbal linguistic, and scholastic achievement. Childhood/ Origins of the Dominant Intelligence: Eldrick â€Å"Tiger† Woods is obviously a master in the bodily kinesthetic intelligence. The part African American, part Asian golfer was born December 31, 1975 in Orange County California to Earl and Kultida Woods. Earl Woods introduced him to the game almost immediately, and by the age of two he was already a star, appearing on â€Å"CBS News† and the â€Å"Mike Douglas Show†, putting with the legendary Bob Hope. The next year he shot a 48 for nine holes at the Navy Golf Club in Cypress, California. ... ...4-G8. â€Å"Is Tiger Woods the Greatest Golfer Ever?† http://www.standrewsgolf.ws/tiger-woods 2000. Kindred, Dave. â€Å"Tiger Woods Grows Up. Golf Digest April 2000: 77-78, 232-242. McDaniel, Pete. â€Å"Take the Tiger Test.† Golf Digest April 2000: 80-83. â€Å"PGA Championship Rating Jumps from Last Year.† www.synchrocanada.com/99PGAChamp/aug16-pga.html. 1999. Sherman, Ed. â€Å"Roots of success parked in garage.† www.chicagosports.com. 2001. Spitzer, Gabriel. â€Å"Tiger, Tiger, burning bright-and costing big bucks.† www.medialifemagazine.com. 2001. Strange, Curtis. â€Å"An Eye on the Game.† Golf Magazine January 2001: 20. Villiotte, Erin. â€Å"Williams World Challenge Presented by Target to Benefit Special Charities.† www.twfound.org. 2001, Pgs. 1-2. www.pgatour.com/players/bios. 2001. www.texnews.com. 2001, Pg. 1-5. www.world.std.com. 2001

Freedom of Speech in the Philippines Essay

Freedom of speech is the concept of the inherent human right to voice one’s opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment. â€Å"Speech† is not limited to public speaking and is generally taken to include other forms of expression. The right is preserved in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is granted formal recognition by the laws of most nations. Nonetheless the degree to which the right is upheld in practice varies greatly from one nation to another. In many nations, particularly those with relatively authoritarian forms of government, overt government censorship is enforced. Censorship has also been claimed to occur in other forms (see propaganda model) and there are different approaches to issues such as hate speech, obscenity, and defamation laws even in countries seen as liberal democracies. Article III Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies that no law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of expression. Some laws inconsistent with a broad application of this mandate are in force, however.[29] For example Certain sections of the Flag and Heraldic Code require particular expressions and prohibit other expressions Title thirteen of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines criminalizes libel and slander by act or deed (slander by deed is defined as â€Å"any act †¦ which shall cast dishonor, discredit or contempt upon another person.†), providing penalties of fine or imprisonment. In 2012, acting on a complaint by an imprisoned broadcaster who dramatised a newspaper account reporting that a particular politician was seen running naked in a hotel when caught in bed by the husband of the woman with whom he was said to have spent the night, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights ruled that the criminalization of libel violates freedom of expression and is inconsistent with Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, commenting that â€Å"Defamations laws should not †¦ stifle freedom of expression† and that â€Å"Penal defamation laws should include defense of truth.† ************************************************************************* â€Å"If we don’t believe in freedom of expression for people we despise, we don’t believe in it at all.† – Noam Chomsky The freedom to express our thoughts is an important part of our individual identity. When we talk and write about our opinions we are contributing ideas and participating in society. Freedom of expression is covered in article 19 of the United Nation’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights: â€Å"Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers†. Freedom of expression is widely acknowledged as a basic human right that should be available to all, playing a crucial role in a fair and open society. Many countries and organizations place limits on freedom of expression. These limitations can be a way of controlling people. Restricting voting rights, censoring speech and art and outlawing specific religious and political groups are some of the tools governments have used to control public opposition. Even societies that consider themselves free and democratic suppress opposing views. Consider your local newspaper; although you might expect objectivity, if you were to analyze the content, you might not find a variety of informed opinions and critiques. Editorial and news writers may be influenced by their own political views. In some places, reporters are trained to manipulate or omit information that could harm those in power. Should there be no limits on freedom of expression? If we are entitled to express ourselves freely we must accept that others will express ideas very different from our own. This might include ideas that offend and possibly even hurt us. Hate speech attacks people based upon such distinctions as race, religion and gender. Should we censor ideas that damage and promote cruelty? The content of a book, a song or a film may cross societal lines of morality and decency. Should we censor art works that are violent, insulting or degrading? These are some of the complex questions you must think about. Feeling intimidated and forced to subscribe to traditional or mainstream beliefs is a violation of your personal freedom. But sometimes authorities set rules and boundaries for good reason. Understanding why the rules exist is more important than automatically obeying them. ***************************************************************************** Cybercrimes and Freedom of Expression Despite the view of the United Nations Committee on Human Rights that Philippine criminal libel is contrary to Article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) on freedom of expression, Congress and President Benigno Aquino III still enacted the Cybercrime Prevention Law which, among other things, added electronic libel as a new criminal offense. Worse, this new law increased the penalty for cyber libel to prison mayor from the current prison correctional provided under the Revised Penal Code. This means that electronic libel is now punished with imprisonment from six years and one day to up to 12 years, while those convicted for ordinary libel under the RPC are subject to imprisonment only from six months and one day to four years and two months. And because parole, a means by which a convict may be spared from actual imprisonment may be granted only to those sentenced to serve a prison term for no more than six months and one day, anyone convicted for cyber libel will inevitably serve a prison term. Since the Philippines leads the rest of the world in terms of Facebook and Twitter usage, this means that unlike ordinary libel complaints which are oftentimes brought against printed newspapers -given the element of publication, any user of these leading social media tools is now liable for prosecution. The fact that an allegedly libelous writing appeared on the Internet is already sufficient to prove the element of publication. The new Cybercrime law is an outright defiance of the UN Human Rights Committee View in the case of Alexander Adonis vs. Republic of the Philippines. In that View, the UNHRC declared that Philippine libel law under the RPC contravenes freedom of expression on two counts: one, it is a disproportionate means by which to achieve its avowed goal of protecting the privacy of private persons; and two, because there is an alternative in the form of civil libel, or the payment of damages. The UN HCR also took the view that our libel in the Philippines, because it does not recognize truth as a defense, is additionally defective on this ground. While the View of the UNHRC is this instance is non-binding, the Philippines nonetheless is under an obligation to heed it because of the maxim â€Å"pacta sundt servanda†, or that treaty obligations must be complied with in good faith. The UN Human Rights Committee Views, since the membership of the body consist of leading experts in human rights, are accepted as authoritative on the issue of states compliance with their obligations under the ICCPR. Simply put, the view against our libel law is very strong evidence of breach of a state obligation under the ICCPR And instead of heeding the UN’s call to review its existing libel law, Congress and President Aquino appeared to have slammed the body by enacting an even more draconian legislation against cyber libel. Our constitutional commitment to freedom of expression has long been recognized. Justice Holmes, for instance, wrote: â€Å"When men have realized that time has upset many fighting faiths, they may come to believe even more than they believe the very foundations of their own conduct that the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas — that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market . . . .† The commitment exists because it is only through freedom of expression that we are able to discern the truth and able to fiscalize despotic regimes: â€Å"The freedom to speak one’s mind is not only an aspect of individual liberty—and thus a good unto itself—but also is essential to the common quest for truth and the vitality of society as a whole. We have therefore been particularly vigilant to ensure that individual expressions of ideas remain free from governmentally imposed sanctions. By criminalizing internet libel, government expanded the infringement of freedom of expression even to the realm that has enabled us to give life to the principle of a free market place of ideas- the internet. Prior to this law, it is ironic that the Philippines was even cited by the United Nations for not interfering with the internet. The law is a testament to the reality that despite the overwhelming mandate given to this administration, coupled with its unprecedented public approval ratings, it continues to be insecure and unable to compete in the market place of ideas. We will see the Aquino administration in court on this one. And we will prevail. For unlike other laws that enjoy the presumption of regularity, this cybercrime law, insofar as it infringes on freedom of expression, will come to court with a very heavy presumption of unconstitutionality. There can be nothing sadder than suing the son of icons of democracy for infringement into a cherished right. ************************************************************************* IMPORTANCE OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION Article 19 of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (UDHR) guarantees the right to freedom of expression in the following terms: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes the right to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. The UDHR, as a UN General Assembly resolution, is not directly binding on States. However, parts of it, including Article 19, are widely regarded as having acquired legal force as customary international law since its adoption in 1948. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), a treaty ratified by over 150 States, including the Philippines, imposes formal legal obligations on State Parties to respect its provisions and elaborates on many of the rights included in the UDHR. Article 19 of the ICCPR guarantees the right to freedom of expression in terms very similar to those found at Article 19 of the UDHR: 1. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of opinion. 2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art or through any other media of his choice. Freedom of expression is also protected in all three regional human rights instruments, by Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights and Article 9 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The right to freedom of expression enjoys a prominent status in each of these regional conventions and, although the Philippines cannot be a party to them, the judgments and decisions issued by courts under these regional mechanisms, offer an authoritative interpretation of freedom of expression principles in various different contexts. Freedom of expression is a key human right, in particular because of its fundamental role in underpinning democracy. At its very first session, in 1946, the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 59(I) which states: â€Å"Freedom of information is a fundamental human right and †¦ the touchstone of all the freedoms to which the United Nations is consecrated.† As the UN Human Rights Committee has said: â€Å"The right to freedom of expression is of paramount importance in any democratic society.† RESTRICTIONS OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION The right to freedom of expression is not absolute; both international law and most national constitutions recognise that it may be restricted. However, any limitations must remain within strictly defined parameters. Article 19(3) of the ICCPR lays down the conditions which any restriction on freedom of expression must meet: The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary: (a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others; (b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals. A similar formulation can be found in the European, American and African regional human rights treaties. These have been interpreted as requiring restrictions to meet a strict three-part test. International jurisprudence makes it clear that this test presents a high standard which any interference must overcome. The European Court of Human Rights has stated: â€Å"Freedom of expression †¦ is subject to a number of exceptions which, however, must be narrowly interpreted and the necessity for any restrictions must be convincingly established.† First, the interference must be provided for by law. This requirement will be fulfilled only where the law is accessible and ‘formulated with sufficient precision to enable the citizen to regulate his conduct’. Second, the interference must pursue a legitimate aim. The list of aims in Article 19(3) of the ICCPR is exclusive in the sense that no other aims are considered to be legitimate as grounds for restricting freedom of expression. Third, the restriction must be necessary to secure one of those aims. The word â€Å"necessary† means that there must be a â€Å"pressing social need† for the restriction. The reasons given by the State to justify the restriction must be â€Å"relevant and sufficient† and the restriction must be proportionate to the aim pursued. The Constitution of the Philippines, however, does not explicitly provide for restrictions to the right to freedom of expression. The only restriction to the rights to expression and information and press freedom is encapsulated in the provision on the right to privacy. Article III, Sections 3 of the Constitution states: (1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety or order requires otherwise as prescribed by law. (2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding. FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE MEDIA The guarantee of freedom of expression applies with particular force to the media, including the broadcast media and public service broadcasters. The European Court of Human Rights, for example, has consistently emphasised the â€Å"pre-eminent role of the press in a State governed by the rule of law†. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has stated: â€Å"It is the mass media that make the exercise of freedom of expression a reality.† Media as a whole merit special protection, in part because of their role in making public ‘information and ideas on matters of public interest. Not only does [the press] have the task of imparting such information and ideas: the public also has a right to receive them. Were it otherwise, the press would be unable to play its vital role of â€Å"public watchdog†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. It may be noted that the obligation to respect freedom of expression lies with States, not with the media per se. However, this obligation does apply to publicly-funded broadcasters. Because of their link to the State, these broadcasters are directly bound by international guarantees of human rights. In addition, publicly-funded broadcasters are in a special position to satisfy the public’s right to know and to guarantee pluralism and access, and it is therefore particularly important that they promote these rights.

Cybercrime as an international problem - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2234 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/08/16 Category Law Essay Level High school Tags: Cyber Crime Essay Did you like this example? Cybercrime is an international problem thats faced every day. Regardless of the prevention techniques in place, the infrastructure of companies, corporations, and individuals are at risk for various types of cybercrimes. Cybercrimes are defined by Mirriam-Webster as criminal activities that are carried out using a computer especially when transmitting, manipulating, or accessing data (Miriam-Webster 2018). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Cybercrime as an international problem" essay for you Create order Currently, there is no way to completely prevent these crimes from occurring, however it is possible to put best practices into place. The United States uses three broad approaches in effort to prevent and react to cybercrimes: Criminal, civil, and voluntary industry guidelines. Internationally these industry best practices vary. After a comparison of the U.S. and international law, the U.S. application of all three practices appears to be the best technique for prevention and response to cybercrimes, however the UK, Russia, and China also have excellent laws and regulations in place. While these countries have a great set of comprehensive laws, there is always room for improvement. United States Approach to Cybersecurity: As mentioned above the United States incorporates three different approaches for cybersecurity. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) and Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2015 cover the criminal sanction while the laws pertaining to negligence and HIPPA compliance in the health care field set forth civil liability. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) created a cybersecurity framework that sets forth a voluntary standard. Criminal: The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) of 1986 18 U.S.C.S. Â § 1030, an amendment to the computer fraud law, made it a federal crime to access computers without appropriate authorization and obtaining any information about any US department or agency, financial records/consumer information, and anything collected from a protected computer. The United States v. Nosal outlined the definition of exceeds authorized access as authorized access to computers and use access to obtain or alter information that the accessor does not have entitlement to do so (United States v Nosal, 676 F3d 854 [9th Cir 2012].) The act has been amended several times since inception, and has expanded its scope beyond its original intention which covered only U.S. government computer and some financial systems. The Patriot Act of 2001 came shortly after the 9/11 attacks and was an update to the CFAA allowing for expanded access for law enforcement to investigate possible acts of terrorism. In 2015, President Ba rack Obamas administration saw a major problem in the United States infrastructure finding that several hundreds of millions of dollars has been stolen via intrusion due to the weakness, and the Racketeer Influence and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)(18 U.S Code Chapter 96) was put in place in an effort to rid organized crime in the United States. Penalties for violation of the CFAA include range from fines to imprisonment up to 20 years in some instances. Civil: There are several laws that are organized to handle civil cases of cybercrimes. Two major examples are Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) which protects patient data/medical information transmitted electronically and negligence laws that forces people to follow a certain level of care for others. While HIPPA is a federal law, negligence laws are set forth by individual states. The Office for Civil Rights (OCR) is the enforcement authority for the HIPPA act and enforces the penalties. Since the medical field is moving toward electronic filing, billing, and monitoring of patient information for efficient, HIPPA has never been more important as a national standard. Health plans, health care providers (providing they electronically transmit health information), heath care clearinghouse, and any business associates (such as pharmacy) that fall under the umbrella of those needing to abide by HIPPA regulation. It covers any physical and mental health information, wh at treatment is being received, and any financial/payment information of an individual. HIPPA requires any entity with access to health care information to retrieve an authorization for the electronic transmission, and requires a notice of the privacy practices. Penalties for non-compliance can range anywhere from $100 to $50,000. A second important civil law is negligence. Each state may have different standards for negligence. As previously stated, individuals are required to act in a manner that shows a duty of care to other individuals. Duty of care is a basic requirement that an individual act with a carefulness, attention, and consideration towards other in order to prevent the risk of harm. There are four elements necessary to prove negligence, 1. Proof that an individual had a legal duty of care to the other, 2. A breach of that duty of care, 3. Because of that breach an injury was suffered, and, 4. Proximate cause. Failure to provide the appropriate duty of care to another results in fines that can vary in degree depending on the level of injury to a person. Voluntary Standard: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a framework tha outlines protection for infrastructures, and that have a systematic process to identify, assess, and managed cybersecurity risk (National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018). While this framework is a voluntary framework, its an industry best standard and was designed with the help of several individuals in the industry, government, and academia through several workshops around the country (NIST, 2018). There are no civil or criminal ramifications for not using the standard, but it should be understood that not using this framework or another standard could result in civil and criminal suits. This framework helps cover the necessary aspects for prevention and response to cybersecurity incidents. The NIST framework covers five core functions that include Identification, Protection, Detection and follows with Response, and Recovery techniques. These five core functions help manage risk assessment whi ch can identify the crown jewels of a company (those things that need to be protected), assess possible breaches/cybersecurity instances, and allows for a plan of response and recovery in the instance of a breach. The Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 was an effort to improve cybersecurity research and development; the act authorized financial allotment for continued research and helps to educate the public on awareness and preparedness. (Heckert, 2010). United Kingdom (UK) Approach to Cybercrime: Criminal : The Computer Misuse Act enacted (CMA) in 1990 made it so that without authorization from the owner of the data there could be no changes to the information whether on a computer or on another device. This Act was derived from Regina v. Gold and Schifreen, 1998 which was a case where the defendants hacked into the computer system of the Duke of Edinburgs email using an ID and password that was not authorized for their use. The CMA cited different criminal offenses: unauthorized access to carry out further offenses, modify material, and general unauthorized access to a computer. Punishment is generally around twelve months and a fine. In 2015, the act was modified in order to coincide with the Serious Crime Act which aided law enforcement with search and seizure operations. This Serous Crime Act could lead to up to 14 years in prison and a large fine (What is the Computer Misuse Act, 2018). Civil: The Data Protection Act of 1988 (DPA) was an act that worked to protect the personal data of an individual that was being stored on a computer and was replaced by the General Data Protection Regulations (GDPR). The GDPR was approved in April of 2016, and fully implemented two years later, in May 2018. The GDPR covers the member states of the European Union, with the purpose of protecting the EU citizens personal data from data and privacy breaches. Changes that came with the GDPR include a clear jurisdictional extension that covers any and all companies that collect and process personal data in the EU including those who outsource the information, whereas previously the DPA was ambiguous. The GDPR made it mandatory for national states to This is done by regulating usage of personal data by any company, organization, or individual that processes it for non-personal usage; regardless of the type of technology that is used. The regulation does not only cover processing that is done in t he EU, rather it covers EU citizens regardless of where the processing occurs, making it globally effective. Processing includes collection, storage, transmission, and recording among many others in relation to personal information. Personal data is defined in the GDPR as information that can identify an individual or relates to the identity of a living person, or information that may be put together to identify a person. (European Commission, 2018). This information includes, but is not limited to information such as name, address, email, ID card, location data, and any information help by a doctor/hospital. This information is no longer considered identifiable once it has been encrypted or goes through the process of anonymization (European Commission, 2018). The GDPR also made it mandatory for any breaches to be announced within the first 72 hours of awareness. In order to be compliant within with the GDPR organizations must get consent from customers/consumers prior to storing a nd processing data. There must also be a Data Processing Officer within each organization who is appointed to monitor data, as well as the necessity for breach notification. Data Protection Impact Assessments need to be completed. The organizations must Data Protection Authorities (DPA) are the authority that investigate and correct any issues and complaints that are lodged for non-compliance and are considered supervisory. Each nation state has their own DPA, and each state decides what the penalty is for non-compliance. The penalties range through a variety of fines and can be as high as 4% or as low as 2% of the previous years revenue (GDPREU.org, 2018). China China has no data protection laws that are comprehensive but are rather spread apart across several laws and regulations that have already been enacted. These regulations can be found throughout the General Principles of Civil Law and Tort Liability Law, as well as the Criminal Law of the Peoples Republic (Data Protection Laws of the World, 2018). In 2017, the first national-level law went into effect which was called the Cybersecurity Law and was the first enacted law to discuss data privacy and cybersecurity. This law was to protect and safeguard online information for citizens and legal entities. China collectively use the Decision on Strengthening Online Information Protection and NIST as a backbone to help create such data protection rules. The Cyberspace Administration of China is the authority for data protection in China, but there is also the PBOC or CBRC who are involved with regulation of larger financial institutions. China requires permission from the owner of personal d ata prior to its allowance to be transferred or disclosed. Only when data is collected appropriately and necessarily while abiding by the regulations can organizations collected, store, and use personal information. It requires organizations to take appropriate measures against processing data illegally/exposure of personal information by ensuring proper protect systems are in place. It doesnt appear to have a timeline for notification of data breaches, however it does require notification to be made to those effected within a timely manner (Data Protection Laws of the World, 2018). Enforcement for cybersecurity crimes vary from fines all the way to criminal activity. Chinas law making is beginning to lean towards forming more laws and regulations that are similar to the GDPR making it more effective overall. Russia The bulk of the cybersecurity laws in Russia are embedded in the legislation of the Data Protection Act, while the Russian Construction covers the privacy rights of individuals. Prior to 2014, Russia didnt focus on data protection as much as it should have. However, in 2014, Russia began regulating the usage of personal data. The focus was on data processors, and required the information to be processed inside Russia, instead of using outside sources. The regulations require full disclosure and transparency about a businesss privacy practices, and permissions from the owner of the data in order to transfer it. The DPA requires a data control officer to be appointment in order to oversee compliance with regulation. The federal government (The Agency) is the authority for seeking repercussions for now complying with the cybersecurity practices. Penalties for not following the requirements set forth for cybersecurity protection as subject to the shit down of any websites that participat e in unlawful acts and requires registrations on the Register of Infringers of Rights of Personal Data Subjects (Data Protection Laws of the World, 2018). In the event of a data breach, there is unfortunately no requirement for reporting. In conclusion, while the United States seems to have the best practices when it comes to cybersecurity, considering it covers civil and criminal sanctions along with a voluntary framework, other countries have also set forth excellent cybersecurity regimes. The United Kingdom is an under the umbrella of the EU, and is covered under the GDPR, but also has its own civil sanction making it very strong overall with cybersecurity practices. China, while working on cybersecurity laws has the regulation buried throughout its current law system and covers a vast majority of necessary prevention techniques and enforcement related to cybercrimes. As mentioned above, Chinas laws are very similar to the EU GDPR. Lastly, Russia, has several specific laws and uses the DPA in order to protect its citizens data. While some countries do not cover regulation in civil and criminal penalties, and do not have voluntary frameworks, the United States has the most articulated and mature laws and regulations for cybersecurity. Its important that these acts and laws continue to be amended and grow, so that there is always protection of personal data.